{"id":1334,"date":"2021-09-24T09:38:53","date_gmt":"2021-09-24T09:38:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/?page_id=1334"},"modified":"2025-12-11T10:30:47","modified_gmt":"2025-12-11T10:30:47","slug":"optical-radiation-metrology-section","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/index.php\/science-technology\/physico-mechanical-metrology\/optical-radiation-metrology-section\/","title":{"rendered":"Optical Radiation Metrology"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1334\" class=\"elementor elementor-1334\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d04f53d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"54403\" data-id=\"d04f53d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-128fc52 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"16241\" data-id=\"128fc52\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65e5e24 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"65e5e24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"13197\" class=\"elementor elementor-13197\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6eee7c7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"22521\" data-id=\"6eee7c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b75a1a jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"77190\" data-id=\"8b75a1a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ac131a elementor-widget-tablet__width-auto elementor-widget-mobile__width-auto jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ac131a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/CSIR-removebg-preview-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-24151\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/CSIR-removebg-preview-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/CSIR-removebg-preview-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/CSIR-removebg-preview.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9e41c9f jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"19274\" data-id=\"9e41c9f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21388ae jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21388ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 43px; font-family: Arial Rounded MT Bold;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908\u0906\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 40px; font-family: Cooper Black;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\">CSIR-National Physical Laborator<\/span>y<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2044372 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"90888\" data-id=\"2044372\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb96210 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eb96210\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/npl-1-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-39141\" alt=\"\" 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elementor-element elementor-element-ad05878 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"85977\" data-id=\"ad05878\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d523084 hfe-nav-menu__align-left hfe-submenu-icon-arrow hfe-submenu-animation-none hfe-link-redirect-child hfe-nav-menu__breakpoint-tablet jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-navigation-menu\" data-id=\"d523084\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cf5ab56 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"73666\" data-id=\"cf5ab56\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2df4237 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2df4237\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">Optical Radiation Metrology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-angle=\"-45deg\" data-color=\"#222288\" class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a9529dd eae-animated-gradient-yes elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"16239\" data-id=\"a9529dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-798273e jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"84379\" data-id=\"798273e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4ca1d0 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"d4ca1d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Objective<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Optical radiation measurements cover the wavelength region of electro-magnetic spectrum from 200nm to 2500nm. The wavelength region from 200 nm to 2500nm is maximally used for measurement of many interlinking disciplines. As Radiometric measurements are used in a wide range of industries including opto-electronics, telecommunications, lighting, space and in health and safety, precision measurements are required for specification for systems, for quality control in industries and in scientific research. The objective of this section is to establish, maintain, and upgrade the existing base unit of optical radiation, i.e., candela and to provide calibration facilities for various photometric parameters namely luminous flux, illuminance, luminance, luminous intensity, detector responsivity, color temperature and radiometric parameters namely spectral radiance and spectral irradiance in the range from 200nm to 2500nm.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In addition, this section also provides measurement facilities for spectroscopic parameters namely spectral reflectance, spectral transmittance, absorbance, and polystyrene film calibration by FTIR. Other calibration facilities include calibration of thermo-vision camera, black-body and NIR related measurements.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Existing Facilities<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Variable temperature blackbody, Goniophotometer, Fourier Transform NIR and IR spectrophotometer, Raman-spectroscope, spectral irradiance measurement setup, spectrophotometers, corretected photon metrology setup, LED measurement setup, various standard lamps and detectors.<\/p><p><strong>Blackbody<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Source based primary standard of spectral radiance in the form of a variable temperature blackbody has been established. This blackbody works in the temperature range of 1800K \u2013 3200K with temperature stability of \u00b1 0.2K. Its emissivity is 0.999, and exhibits radiance uniformity within 0.1%, in the wavelength range 0.2 \u03bcm-2.5 \u03bcm. The uncertainty in spectral radiance measurement using this blackbody is 0.3-0.5% in the wavelength range 0.2 \u03bcm-0.4 \u03bcm, and 0.1-0.3% in the wavelength range 0.4 \u03bcm-2.5 \u03bcm, respectively. The established facility is shown in the Fig. 1.<\/p><div id=\"attachment_1652\" style=\"width: 474px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1652\" src=\"https:\/\/www.getinfo.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/1-and-2-300x130.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"464\" height=\"201\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1652\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig.1: Blackbody Setup<\/p><\/div><p style=\"margin-bottom: 9pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-align: justify;\"><strong>Luminous Intensity, Illuminance and Illuminance Responsivity Measurement<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Luminous intensity, illuminance and illuminance responsivity measurements are carried out using 3.0 m optical bench. The optical bench and other measurement instruments are shown in Fig. 2.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fig. 2(a) illustrates the optical bench while, Figs. 2(b) and 2(c) shows the standard intensity light source and standard detector and illuminance meter respectively. Reference scale for luminous intensity is maintained in the form of tungsten filament lamps of very high quality. These lamps are free from manufacturing defects, stable and their electric and photometric parameters remain unchanged over a length of time. The NPL luminous intensity scale is maintained at 2856 K and 2800 K (nominal) correlated color temperatures. To check the compatibility of the scales, reference standards lamps for luminous intensity are use to calibrated periodically from PTB, Germany. The photometer used is a PTB calibrated V(\u03bb) corrected Si photodetector with its spectral response approximately matching the CIE luminous efficacy function.<\/p><div id=\"attachment_1656\" style=\"width: 403px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1656\" src=\"https:\/\/www.getinfo.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/3-1-300x219.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"393\" height=\"287\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1656\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 2. Luminous Intensity and Illuminance Measurement Setup<\/p><\/div><p style=\"margin-bottom: 9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><strong>Luminous Flux Calibration Facilities<br \/><\/strong><br \/>Absolute luminous flux measurement is carried out by using Gonio-photometer (see Fig. 3(a)). This automatic system is used to prepare working standards for various lamps. Using these working standards, the luminous flux calibration is performed for lamp and lighting industries. For luminous flux measurements we use 3.0 m (Fig. 3(b)) and 1.0 m (Fig. 3(c)) diameter integrating spheres.<\/p><p>To check the compatibility of the scales, reference standards lamps i.e., Polaron, 110V, 200W for luminous flux are use to calibrated periodically from PTB and BIPM, Germany.<\/p><div id=\"attachment_1660\" style=\"width: 452px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1660\" src=\"https:\/\/www.getinfo.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/4-1-300x220.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"442\" height=\"324\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1660\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 3. Luminous Flux Measurement Setup<\/p><\/div><p style=\"margin-bottom: 9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><strong>Color Temperature and Chromaticity Coordinates Measurements<\/strong><\/p><p>Reference scales for color temperature measurement are of very high quality. These lamps are free from manufacturing defects, stable and their electric and photometric parameters remain unchanged over a length of time. Incandescent lamp standards of color temperature are calibrated on a photometric bench by comparing the ratios of the portion of the visible spectrum in the red and the blue portion of the spectrum for the test and the standard source or by measuring the temperature directly using a tristimulus colorimeter. The measurement setup is shown in Fig. 4. Tristimulus colorimeter head is elaborated in Fig. 4 (b).<\/p><div id=\"attachment_1664\" style=\"width: 457px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1664\" src=\"https:\/\/www.getinfo.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/5-1-300x219.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"447\" height=\"327\" class=\" wp-image-1664\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/5-1-300x219.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/5-1.png 518w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1664\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 4. Color Temperature and Color Coordinate Measurement Setup<\/p><\/div><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"><strong>Luminance Measurement<\/strong><\/p><p>Luminance standard is created by ab-initio method by using a flux standard. The lamps to be used for deriving luminous scale were calibrated for their total luminous flux F using NPL reference standards. The luminous flux leaving the aperture was measured using a silicon photo-diode photometer provided with a filter. Luminance meter is calibrated against this standard of luminance using luminance standard. In most of the calibrations, the LMT luminance standard is used and to reduce the luminance value spectrally non-selective neutral density filters of different transmissions are used. The calibration setup is shown in Fig. 5.<\/p><div id=\"attachment_1671\" style=\"width: 454px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1671\" src=\"https:\/\/www.getinfo.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/6-300x179.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"444\" height=\"265\" class=\" wp-image-1671\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/6-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/6.png 576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 444px) 100vw, 444px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1671\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 5. Luminance Measurement Setup<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Research<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We have proposed a unique method for producing non-diverging optical array and elliptical hollow beam in a controlled manner using aberration patterns generated from oblique illumination of axicon. The optical arrays with propagation invariance property are persisted for short ranges in the focal depth, whereas diverging array with a constant number of bright spots is produced beyond bottle beam. The measured variation in the geometrical parameters of obliquely illuminated axicon setup has facilitated precise control on the dimension of optical array and shape of the elliptical hollow beam, respectively. The theoretical analysis confirms the experimental results for the generation of short-range non-diverging optical array and elliptical dark hollow beam with fine control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental approach to extend the potential of axicon beyond generation of Bessel and circular hollow beams.<\/p><div id=\"attachment_1675\" style=\"width: 506px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.getinfo.global\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/7-300x127.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"496\" height=\"210\" class=\" wp-image-1675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/7-300x127.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/7-768x326.png 768w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/7.png 961w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1675\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 6. Axicon Aberration Leading to Non-diverging Optical Array<\/p><\/div><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><o:p><span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Reference<\/strong> <\/span>:<\/span>\u201cAxicon aberration leading to short-range non-diverging optical array and elliptical dark hollow beam,\u201d <span>Optical Engineering 57(5), 055106 (2018).<\/span><\/o:p><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Infrared spectroscopic study for tumor diagnosis \u2013 Dr. Ranjana Mehrotra<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Infrared spectra of normal and malignant breast tissues are measured in the 600 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 region. The measured spectroscopic features which are the spectroscopic fingerprints of the tissues contain the vital information about the malignant and normal tissues. The novelty of this study is that from the spectroscopic data we could differentiate malignant tissue from the normal one. We analyzed Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data on twenty five cases of infiterating ductal carcinoma of breast with different grades of malignancy from patients of different age groups. Infrared spectra demonstrate significant spectral differences between the normal and the cancerous breast tissues. In particular changes in frequency and intensity in the spectra of protein, nucleic acid and glycogen vibrational modes as well as the band intensity ratios for lipid\/proteins, protein\/ nucleic acids, protein\/glycogen are observed. This allows us to make a qualitative and semi quantitative evaluation of the changes in proliferation activity from normal to diseased tissue.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Polarization study of optical vortices \u2013 <a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/vk_jaiswal@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">V. K. Jaiswal<\/a><\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We have demonstrated new technique for obtaining polarization entangled photons with classical optics which also depicts properties of polarization discrimination. Classical analogue of quantum entanglement is also shown in the form of inseparability between polarization and spatial modulation. Polarization study of Gaussian and vortex beam shows that orbital angular momentum and spin angular momentum of photons are not coupled in the process.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Switching light with light \u2013 Dr. Parag Sharma<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Theoretical analyses of laser induced nonlinear absorption processes in rhodopsin protein molecules have been performed. The results validate the feasibility of all-optical switching operation \u2018Switching light with light\u2019, in these protein molecules in very simple pump-probe geometry. The switching speed has been shown to be enhanced from milliseconds to nanoseconds time scale. The performance of the switch in terms of contrast has also been enhanced by optimizing the concentration of molecules.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Contact Person<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\"><p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/vk_jaiswal@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Mr. V. K. Jaiswal<\/strong><\/a><br \/><span>Sr. Principal Scientist &amp; Head, Optical Radiation Metrology<\/span><br \/>Email:<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"mailto:jaiswalvk@nplindia.org\">jaiswalvk<span>.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/span><\/a><br \/>Phone :<span>\u00a0+91 1145608228<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-80157b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"74493\" data-id=\"80157b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e63757 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"39782\" data-id=\"7e63757\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9e4fe3 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9e4fe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Calibration Capabilities<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e644bb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"66959\" data-id=\"e644bb3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ae2e9f1 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"61150\" data-id=\"ae2e9f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8964afa jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8964afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Photometric, Radiometric and Colorimetric Measurements<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-29f41a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"35326\" data-id=\"29f41a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-559b060 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"80872\" data-id=\"559b060\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c58691 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-htmega-datatable-addons\" data-id=\"9c58691\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"htmega-datatable-addons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"htmega-table-style htmega-table-style-3 htb-table-responsive\">\n            <table class=\"htb-table \">\n                                    <thead>\n                        <tr>\n                            <th class='elementor-repeater-item-6a549fd'>Parameter<\/th><th class='elementor-repeater-item-db685c5'>Range<\/th><th class='elementor-repeater-item-2036e72'>Measurement uncertainty at coverage factor k = 2<\/th>                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/thead>\n                                <tbody>\n                                            <tr>\n                            <td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-f0661de\" >Luminous intensity<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-6e44809\" >1 cd to 10<sup>3<\/sup> cd<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-19278f0\" >\u00b11.4 - 1.6%<\/td>                        <\/tr>\n                                            <tr>\n                            <td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-7af8679\" >Luminous Flux<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-040187a\" >1 lm to 2\u00d710<sup>4<\/sup> lm<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-5fd85c4\" >\u00b11.8 - 2.0%<\/td>                        <\/tr>\n                                            <tr>\n                            <td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-a2fb0b8\" >Illuminance<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-1e8f4d0\" >\t1 lx to 5\u00d710<sup>3<\/sup> lx<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-2ec3f12\" >\u00b11.6 - 2.0%<\/td>                        <\/tr>\n                                            <tr>\n                            <td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-3b8246f\" >Luminance<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-9cd46d9\" >1 cd\/m<sup>2<\/sup> to 10<sup>4<\/sup>cd\/m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-0a21995\" >\u00b11.6 - 2.0%<\/td>                        <\/tr>\n                                            <tr>\n                            <td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-7dbda7f\" >Correlated Colour Temperature and Chromaticity Coordinates<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-dd5d645\" >2000 K to 7000 K<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-52c003e\" >\u00b120 K <br>\u00b10.002 unit<\/td>                        <\/tr>\n                                            <tr>\n                            <td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-7eaeede\" >Spectral irradiance (W\/m<sup>-2<\/sup>.nm)<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-dc050bb\" >Wavelength range<br>280 nm to 400 nm<br>400 nm to 800 nm<br>800 nm to 2500nm<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-b2e5992\" >\u00b11.9 - 6.0%<br> \u00b11.9% <br>\u00b13.3 - 5.2%<\/td>                        <\/tr>\n                                    <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d583a jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d583a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spectroscopic Measurements<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ee0e89 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-htmega-datatable-addons\" data-id=\"5ee0e89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"htmega-datatable-addons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t        <div class=\"htmega-table-style htmega-table-style-3 htb-table-responsive\">\n            <table class=\"htb-table \">\n                                    <thead>\n                        <tr>\n                            <th class='elementor-repeater-item-34a2f8b'>Parameter<\/th><th class='elementor-repeater-item-381846a'>Range<\/th><th class='elementor-repeater-item-8f4f670'>Measurement uncertainty at coverage factor k = 2<\/th>                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/thead>\n                                <tbody>\n                                            <tr>\n                            <td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-f4c5f4c\" >FTIR<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-ba4b203\" ><\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-60f62a5\" ><\/td>                        <\/tr>\n                                            <tr>\n                            <td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-5e2ffd3\" >NIR<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-f8e3b79\" ><\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-2de0571\" ><\/td>                        <\/tr>\n                                            <tr>\n                            <td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-25b2710\" >Spectral Reflectance<br>1. Diffuse<br>2. Specular<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-7d38a1a\" >380 nm to 780 nm<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-1651a49\" >\u00b11.5%<\/td>                        <\/tr>\n                                            <tr>\n                            <td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-d67e07b\" >Spectral Transmittance<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-69a0a48\" >380 nm to 780 nm<\/td><td class=\"elementor-repeater-item-e29688b\" >\u00b11.5%<\/td>                        <\/tr>\n                                    <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-79f2d7c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"68230\" data-id=\"79f2d7c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ebd883 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"91204\" data-id=\"4ebd883\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2899a00 hfe-nav-menu__align-justify hfe-submenu-icon-arrow hfe-submenu-animation-none hfe-link-redirect-child hfe-nav-menu__breakpoint-tablet jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-navigation-menu\" data-id=\"2899a00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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