{"id":2147,"date":"2021-09-28T07:51:40","date_gmt":"2021-09-28T07:51:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/?page_id=2147"},"modified":"2025-08-18T08:16:54","modified_gmt":"2025-08-18T08:16:54","slug":"quantum-nanophotonics-metrology-section","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/index.php\/science-technology\/electrical-electronics-metrology-division\/quantum-nanophotonics-metrology-section\/","title":{"rendered":"Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2147\" class=\"elementor elementor-2147\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f7c52f5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"82924\" data-id=\"f7c52f5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/CSIR-removebg-preview-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-24151\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/CSIR-removebg-preview-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/CSIR-removebg-preview-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/CSIR-removebg-preview.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9e41c9f jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"42482\" data-id=\"9e41c9f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21388ae jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21388ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 43px; font-family: Arial Rounded MT Bold;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908\u0906\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 40px; font-family: Cooper Black;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\">CSIR-National Physical 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data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd1e31 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"98658\" data-id=\"ccd1e31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cb77ea jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4cb77ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d1bede elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"44782\" data-id=\"4d1bede\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b062b93 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"49887\" data-id=\"b062b93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ac7a66 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"5ac7a66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 id=\"elementor-tab-title-9511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">About Activity\/ Objective<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9511\"><p>The group is working towards the realization of quantum devices based on superconducting nanowires and junctions.<\/p><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Development of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPD)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p align=\"justify\">The superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) is capable of detection of single photons with wide wavelength range. SNSPDs have unrivalled performance indicators compared to the traditional technologies such as Si-APDs and InGaAs-APDs in terms of detection efficiency (DE), timing jitter, reset time, and dark count rates (DCR). A detection efficiency of ~ 98% and timing jitter of ~ 10 ps are demonstrated in lab level for system such as WSi and NbTiN with superconducting transition temperature of ~4 K and 15 K respectively. As the photon detection mechanisms in SNSPDs are based on the conversion of the superconducting state to normal state and vice versa upon the impinge of a photon, these detectors are to be operated at cryogenic temperatures (~2K -10 K). Another advantageous factor for the SNSPDs is the range of wavelengths these detectors are sensitive to: this spans from infrared to visible and even the researchers have shown the detection of alpha and beta particles with SNSPDs. Such a wide wavelength sensitivity is not available with traditional technologies. In the demanding applications of quantum technologies such as quantum information processing, quantum communication, teleportation and quantum computation, the incorporation of SNSPDs can provide unparalleled performance levels as compared to the traditional technologies.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">SNSPD consists of superconducting nanowire shaped in the form of mender wires with an individual wire width of 40-120 nm and thickness of ~ 4-10 nm and with an active area of the detector with a few square micrometers. Upon the impinge of a photon the device produces an electrical pulse as the outcome with a response time (jitter timing) of ~10 ps. The reset time of the device is ~ 100 ns, after which the device is ready for detection of another photon. Carefully crafted detectors can also be used as photon counting detectors and photon number resolving (PNR) detectors. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory with its expertise on superconductivity and thin film fabrication have demonstrated superconducting characteristics in meander structures such as Nb, NbGd and W (focused ion beam fabricated) with a transition temperature in the range from ~4 K to 8 K. We also have demonstrated superconductivity in the 2D regime for system such as Nb, NbTiN, TiN etc. which is a critical requirement for the development of SNSPDs. Further, we would like to use the available expertise to develop, demonstrate and standardise the SNSPDs to cater the current and future needs of the country towards quantum enabled technologies such as quantum information processing (QIP), quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum computation, and quantum communication etc. With the support from DST (QuEST Project) and CSIR(FCP) we are currently engaged in capability building of single photon detectors and its standardisation methods using superconducting nanowires.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">The picture given below shows a schematic of the proposed device architecture for the SNSPD development. The key components include the room temperature biasing circuit, the SNSPD device operated at cryogenic temperature (typically ~2 K) and the room temperature detector electronics.\u00a0 Single photon generation for testing this device is through attenuation of the laser source down to very low levels and further evaluation by statistical methods to ensure that the output is of the level of single photons as per the required pulsed rate.<\/p><p align=\"justify\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/1-1024x587.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"430\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-24880 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/1-1024x587.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/1-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/1-768x440.png 768w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/1-1536x880.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/1.png 1851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/p><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Development of Quantum Phase Slip (QPS) based Quantum Current Standard (QCS) using Superconducting Nanowires (QPS-QCS)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p align=\"justify\">One of the unsolved problems in electrical metrology is the realisation of the current standard (Ampere) to the uncertainty levels as that has been demonstrated for the quantum voltage standard (JVS) for voltage and quantum Hall resistance standard (QHR) for resistance. Metrological community is working to solve this issue using different methods such Single Electron Tunnelling (SET) based devices and quantum phase slip (QPS) based devices. QPS devices are exactly dual to Josephson devices wherein, upon the irradiation of the microwave radiation to a superconducting nanowire in the voltage biased mode, will produce constant current plateaus as function of the incident energy(frequency). So, the current I can be defined as <strong><em>I= 2e.n.f<\/em><\/strong>, where \u2018e\u2019 charge of the electron, and \u2018f\u2019 is the frequency of irradiation, \u2018n\u2019 being an integer. As per the new definition of the SI unit of electrical current, which came into force from May 2019 onwards, all the realisations of the definition of the SI unit of electric current should define experiments for the measurements of electron charge. Thus, QPS in superconducting nanowires is one of the promising methods for the realisation of the \u201cQuantum Ampere\u201d.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">The main objectives under this activity are the following:<\/p><ol><li>Establishment of quantum current standard (QCS) by using quantum phase slip (QPS)in superconducting nanowire<\/li><li>Fundamental research on quantum transport in low dimensional superconductors<\/li><\/ol><p align=\"justify\">The above-mentioned objectives are further divided into mainstream research areas as listed below:<\/p><ul><li>Fundamental R&amp;D work on the establishment of quantum current by quantum phase slip (QPS) mechanism with the following steps:<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"margin-left: 3em;\">(i) Synthesis and structural characterization of high-quality superconducting thin films and composite materials by UHV magnetron sputtering unit<br \/>(ii) Fabrication of thin films based superconducting devices and their low temperature transport characterization<br \/>(iii) Patterning thin films into nanowire, meander and other various nanostructures for the possible use in QPS and other high impedance circuits required for the quantum current metrology and QPS study<br \/>(iv) Characterization of the superconducting nanodevices at ultra-low temperature down to 10-20 mK and at high magnetic field up to 14 T<\/p><ul><li>Quantum transport in low dimensional superconductors with emphasis on the \u00a0following phenomena:<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"margin-left: 3em;\">(i) Superconducting fluctuations: Phase and amplitude fluctuations<br \/>(ii) Superconductor-insulator quantum phase transition (SIT)<br \/>(iii) Quantum interference<br \/>(iv) Multiple crossing in magnetoresistance for strongly disordered ultrathin superconducting films in 2D<\/p><p align=\"justify\">The following figure represents a simplified schematic device architecture for realisation of QPS based quantum current standard. A superconducting nanowire of cross-sectional area of ~100 nm<sup>2<\/sup> needed to be sandwiched between two impedance matched inductors for RF irradiation experiments along with DC biasing. The proposed device is to be tested at ultra-low temperature of the order of a few mK, so that the thermal noises are suppressed enough for the manifestation of QPS signals.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/2-1024x457.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"335\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-24884 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/2-1024x457.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/2-300x134.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/2-768x343.png 768w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/2-1536x686.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/2.png 1917w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Dissemination of the Unit of Voltage through Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard (PJVS)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p align=\"justify\">At CSIR-NPL, we disseminate the unit of voltage through a programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS) which is being maintained with an uncertainty level of below 100 nV (for 10 V)<\/p><p><strong>Salient Features of the Established PJVS System are: <\/strong><\/p><ul><li>This system is superior to the conventional JVS system because of its stable steps, higher susceptible to interference, easier to operate and provide more possibilities and applications in ac voltage.<\/li><li>The 10 V chip contains a total of 256,116 Josephson junctions organised in stacks of three junctions and distributed into 32 microwave coplanar waveguide lines.<\/li><li>These non-hysteretic Josephson tunnel junctions are made of Nb electrodes and Nb<sub>x<\/sub>Si<sub>1-x <\/sub>barriers.<\/li><li>Array with 256,116 triple stacked SNS junctions, all connected in series and integrated in a microwave transmission line (upto 20 GHz).<\/li><li>Essential role in electrical metrology and high precision voltage measurement.<\/li><\/ul><p align=\"justify\">The Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard, established at CSIR-NPL is characterized for its optimal functioning to disseminate \u2018Unit\u2019 Volt at par to international level. This optimization in the characterization of the system has ensured us to operate the system consistently and with better stability and reproducibility.<\/p><div id=\"attachment_24891\" style=\"width: 445px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-24891\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"435\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24891\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/3.png 435w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/3-300x207.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 435px) 100vw, 435px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-24891\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Established PJVS system at CSIR-NPL India for quantum DC voltage metrology<\/p><\/div><div id=\"attachment_24892\" style=\"width: 634px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-24892\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"366\" class=\"wp-image-24892 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/4.png 624w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/4-300x176.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-24892\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Step flatness test at 18.645 GHz and 0.00 dBm<\/p><\/div><p align=\"justify\">This system provides calibration services to disseminate the primary voltage standard. The 10 V PJVS system is capable of providing traceability at 1.018 V and 10 V levels. This system is primarily used for the calibration of dc reference standards which serves as secondary standard of voltage for further dissemination to industries.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 id=\"elementor-tab-title-9512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">CMC<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9512\"><p>This group maintains two number of CMCs at 1.018 V and 10 V levels mentioned with Institution Service code as NPLI\/1-2 registered in BIPM.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 id=\"elementor-tab-title-9513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Facilities<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9513\"><ul><li>Focused Ion-Beam Milling<\/li><li>Dilution Refrigerator (10 mK, 14 Tesla)<\/li><li>UHV Sputtering System<br \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/5-1024x552.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"404\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-24944 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/5-1024x552.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/5-300x162.png 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/5-768x414.png 768w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/5.png 1346w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/li><li>Wire Bonder<\/li><li>Digital Microscope with CMOS Camera<\/li><li>Metal Evaporation system<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 id=\"elementor-tab-title-9514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Key Publications (Last 5 years)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9514\"><ol><li>Deepika Sawle, Sudhir Husale, Sachin Yadav, Bikash Gajar, V.P.S. Awana and Sangeeta Sahoo*, \u201cAccessing Phase Slip Events in Nb Meander Wires\u201d, Superconductor Science &amp; Technology, 34, 125016 (2021)<\/li><li>Sachin Yadav, Vinay Kaushik , M. P. Saravanan , R. P. Aloysius, V. Ganesan\u00a0 and Sangeeta Sahoo*, \u201cA robust nitridation technique for fabrication of disordered superconducting TiN thin films featuring phase slip events\u201d, Scientific Reports, 11, 7888\u00a0 (2021)<\/li><li>Sachin Yadav and Sangeeta Sahoo*, \u201cInterface study of thermally driven chemical kinetics involved in Ti\/Si3N4 based metal-substrate assembly by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy\u201d, Applied Surface Science, 541, 148465 (2021)<\/li><li>Bikash Gajar, Sachin Yadav, Deepika Sawle, Kamlesh K. Maurya, Anurag Gupta,\u00a0 R.P. Aloysius, and Sangeeta Sahoo*, \u201cSubstrate mediated nitridation of niobium into superconducting Nb2N thin films for phase slip study\u201d, Scientific Reports, 9, 8811 (2019)<\/li><li>Sachin Yadav, Alka Sharma, Bikash Gajar, Mandeep Kaur, Dinesh Singh, Sandeep Singh, Kamlesh Kumar Maurya, Sudhir Husale, Vijay Narain Ojha, Sangeeta Sahoo*, \u201cSubstrate Mediated Synthesis of Ti\u2013Si\u2013N Nano-and-Micro Structures for Optoelectronic Applications\u201d, Advanced Engineering Materials, 21, 1900061 (2019). $The story of the above article has been appeared on the cover page of the journal\u2019s issue from July, 2019<\/li><li>Shafaq Kazim, Alka Sharma, Sachin Yadav, Bikash Gajar, Lalit M. Joshi, Monu Mishra, Govind Gupta, Sudhir Husale, Anurag Gupta, Sangeeta Sahoo* &amp; V. N. Ojha, \u201cLight Induced Electron-Phonon Scattering Mediated Resistive Switching in Nanostructured Nb Thin Film Superconductor\u201d, Scientific Reports 7, 881 (2017)<\/li><li>Anish M. Bhargav, Rajib K. Rakshit, Samaresh Das, and Manju Singh, \u201cMetrology Perspective of Single-photon Detectors: Review on Global Calibration Methods\u201d [\u2018Advanced Quantum Technologies\u2019 \u2013 Wiley, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/qute.202100008]<\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 id=\"elementor-tab-title-9515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Current R &D Projects<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9515\"><ol><li>DST project: Advanced Single Photon Detector &amp; Establishment of Single Photon Detection Based Quantum Standard for QuEST)<\/li><li>CSIR Grant for setting up of low temperature experimental facility towards the establishment of single photon detection-based quantum metrology for optical radiation.<\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 id=\"elementor-tab-title-9516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Team<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9516\"><p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/common\/aloysius@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Dr. R.P. Aloysius<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Sr. Principal Scientist &amp; Head<br \/>Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: alosrp.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 3em;\"><strong><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/common\/sangeeta_sahoo@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Sangeeta Sahoo<\/a><br \/><\/strong>Sr. Principal Scientist &amp; Deputy Head<br \/>Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: sahoos.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 3em;\"><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/common\/sudhir_husale@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Dr. Sudhir Husale<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Sr. Principal Scientist<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: husalesc.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 3em;\"><strong>Dr. Sandhya Malikar Patel<\/strong><br \/>Principal Scientist<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: patelsm.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 3em;\"><strong>Ms. Mandeep Kaur<\/strong><br \/>Technical Officer<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: kaurm.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/p><p style=\"margin-left: 3em;\"><strong>Sh. Anish Mahavir Bhargav<\/strong><br \/>Technical Officer<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: bhargavam.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 id=\"elementor-tab-title-9517\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9517\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Contact Person<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9517\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9517\"><p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/common\/aloysius@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Dr. R.P. Aloysius<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Sr. Principal Scientist &amp; Head<br \/>Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology\u00a0<br \/>Electrical &amp; Electronics Metrology Division<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: <span>alosrp.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941bfca elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"13114\" data-id=\"941bfca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9cb75c0 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"24641\" data-id=\"9cb75c0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aebcc56 hfe-nav-menu__align-justify hfe-submenu-icon-arrow hfe-submenu-animation-none hfe-link-redirect-child hfe-nav-menu__breakpoint-tablet jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-navigation-menu\" data-id=\"aebcc56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;padding_horizontal_menu_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:15,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_menu_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_menu_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_menu_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:15,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_menu_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_menu_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_space_between&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_space_between_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_space_between_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_row_space&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_row_space_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;menu_row_space_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dropdown_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;dropdown_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;dropdown_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;width_dropdown_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;220&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;width_dropdown_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;width_dropdown_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_dropdown_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_dropdown_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_horizontal_dropdown_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_dropdown_item&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:15,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_dropdown_item_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;padding_vertical_dropdown_item_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;distance_from_menu&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;distance_from_menu_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;distance_from_menu_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_size&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_size_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_size_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;toggle_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" 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