{"id":24287,"date":"2023-01-09T07:22:19","date_gmt":"2023-01-09T07:22:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/?page_id=24287"},"modified":"2025-12-11T11:00:39","modified_gmt":"2025-12-11T11:00:39","slug":"quantum-resistance-metrology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/index.php\/quantum-resistance-metrology\/","title":{"rendered":"Quantum Resistance Metrology"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"24287\" class=\"elementor elementor-24287\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-element elementor-element-30285a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-eae-slider=\"19807\" data-id=\"30285a7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63d6cc3 elementor-widget__width-inherit jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63d6cc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 43px; font-family: Arial Rounded MT Bold;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908\u0906\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 40px; font-family: Cooper Black;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none;\">CSIR-National Physical Laborator<\/span>y<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2044372 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"40599\" data-id=\"2044372\" 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data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2986cfd jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"57775\" data-id=\"2986cfd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84a22c8 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"84a22c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">Quantum Resistance Metrology and 2D Physics <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b7ec3d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"53641\" data-id=\"b7ec3d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90a14ee jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"12882\" data-id=\"90a14ee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af8775e jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"af8775e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1841\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1841\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">About Activity\/Objective<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1841\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1841\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The group focuses on the growth, synthesis and characterization of quantum materials. These include two-dimensional (2D) systems such as vander Waal\u2019s materials and heterostructures, topological insulators and strongly correlated oxide materials. The primary goal of the group is to develop an indigenous technology towards the realization of quantum resistance metrology by exploiting the integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE) for which the current focus is on epitaxial graphene, oxide heterostructures and topological insulator<strong>.\u00a0\u00a0Experiments are corroborated using the first principles of density functional theory-based electronic structure calculations.<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The group also carries out high precision QHE measurements with accuracy of 80 ppb or better. A 1 kOhm standard is directly measured against the GaAs\/AlGaAs QHE and subsequently resistances in the range 1 Ohm to 1 MOhm are measured with very high accuracy. The CMC of the group for 1 kOhm measurement against QHE (U<sub>c<\/sub> (k=2) = 80ppb) has been peer reviewed twice and it is at the BIPM website.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The group has 05 Scientists and 13 Ph.D students working on the various aspects of quantum materials, which includes (i) growth and synthesis using PLD, sputtering, etc\u00a0 (ii) Materials characterization of structure, electronic, magnetic, optical and transport properties, and (iii) Theoretical and computational studies.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1842\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1842\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Research Areas<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1842\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1842\"><ul><li>Growth and optimization of epitaxial graphene for indigenous development of graphene-based Quantum Hall Resistance Standard<\/li><li>Realization of quasi-2DEG in oxide heterostructures with focus on enhancing the carrier mobility at the hetero-interface.<\/li><li>Growth and characterization of topological insulator (TI) thin films, laser MBE epitaxial III-nitrides and two-dimensional (2D) materials<\/li><li>Band gap engineering in Two-dimensional materials and their interfaces through band-width\u00a0 and band-filling control<\/li><li>Electronic structure study of surfaces and interfaces using photoemission spectroscopy<\/li><li>Defect engineering and metal-insulator transition in oxide surfaces and interfaces<\/li><li>Multi-scale materials modeling using ab-initio electronic structure calculations<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1843\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1843\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Facilities<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1843\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1843\"><ul><li><strong>High precision magnetotransport measurement and resistance ratio measurement system used in quantum resistance (QHR) metrology<br \/><\/strong>Typical specifications of the GaAs\/AlGaAs based QHE devices used at NPL Device: GaAs-Al<sub>x<\/sub>Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>As (x=0.3), GaAs (1.5eV) is lightly p-doped, AlGaAs (2.2eV) is n-doped, ~ 10-20 T<sup>-1<\/sup>, n ~ 3-6 x 10<sup>15<\/sup> m<sup>-2<\/sup>, B (i=2)~ 7-9 T.<div id=\"attachment_24344\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-24344\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/5-300x139.jpg\" alt=\"contact_schematic_(right)_and_actual_device_on_To8_ holder_with_contacts\" width=\"300\" height=\"139\" class=\"wp-image-24344 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/5-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/5.jpg 495w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-24344\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Contact schematic (right) and actual device on TO8 holder with contacts<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_24346\" style=\"width: 327px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-24346\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/6-300x213.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"317\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-24346 \" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/6-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/6.jpg 593w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 317px) 100vw, 317px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-24346\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Longitudinal and transverse (Hall) resistance of a GaAs-Al<sub>x<\/sub>Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>As (x=0.3) device measured at 1.3 K<\/p><\/div><ul><li><strong>Growth system for Graphene Epitaxy (GrapE): <\/strong><strong>An indigenously developed system for growth of epitaxial graphene on SiC<\/strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/4-287x300.jpg\" alt=\"growth_system_for_graphene_epitaxy_(GrapE) \" width=\"287\" height=\"300\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-24340 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/4-287x300.jpg 287w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/4.jpg 605w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 287px) 100vw, 287px\" \/><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) system with RHEED for the growth of all oxide 2DEG heterointerfaces<br \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/1-300x193.jpg\" alt=\"pulsed_laser_deposition_system_with_RHEED_for_the_growth_of_all_oxide_2DEG heterointerfaces\" width=\"300\" height=\"193\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-24329 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/1-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/1.jpg 619w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/><\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Three source UHV-magnetron sputtering systems for the growth of intermetallic thin film superlattices\/heterostructures (like TIs) for QAHE and SHE<br \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/2-300x222.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"222\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-24330 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/2-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/2.jpg 534w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/><\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Two HV-magnetron sputtering systems for the growth of all oxide FM\/AFM, Superconductor\/FM heterostructures, and topological insulator thin films\/ heterostructures<br \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/3-267x300.jpg\" alt=\"two_HV-magnetron_sputtering_systems_for_the_growth_of_all_oxide_FM\/AFM_Superconductor\/FM_heterostructures_and_topological_insulator_thin_films\/_heterostructures\" width=\"267\" height=\"300\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-24334 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/3-267x300.jpg 267w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/3.jpg 447w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px\" \/><br \/><\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Temperature dependent photoconductivity measurement<br \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/7-300x193.jpg\" alt=\"temperature_dependent_photoconductivity_measurement\" width=\"300\" height=\"193\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-24347 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/7-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/7-768x495.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.nplindia.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/7.jpg 805w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/><\/strong><\/li><li>3 Zone tube furnace for 2D materials growth<\/li><li>Thermal evaporation<\/li><li>Wire bonder<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1844\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1844\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Key Publications <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1844\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1844\"><ul><li>Signature of weak-antilocalization in sputtered topological insulator Bi2Se3 thin films with varying thickness,\u00a0 S. Gautam, V. Aggarwal, B. Singh, V.P.S. Awana, R. Ganesan, S. S. Kushvaha, Scientific Reports\u00a0 12,9770 (2022).<\/li><li>A Comparative Study of Superconductivity and Thermally Activated Flux Flow of YBa<sub>2<\/sub>Cu<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>7-\u03b4<\/sub> and YBa<sub>2<\/sub>Cu<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>7-\u03b4<\/sub>\/La<sub>1-x-y<\/sub>Pr<sub>x<\/sub>Ca<sub>y<\/sub>MnO<sub>3<\/sub> Bilayers; S Kumari, M Anas, DS Raghav, S Chauhan, PK Siwach, VK Malik, H K Singh, Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 35 (11), 3225-3240 (2022)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=ijCW7eAAAAAJ&amp;sortby=pubdate&amp;citation_for_view=ijCW7eAAAAAJ:D03iK_w7-QYC\">Investigation of RF sputtered, n-Bi2Se3 heterojunction on p-Si for enhanced NIR optoelectronic applications<\/a>, Gautam, Sudhanshu Gautam, G. K. Maurya, K. Kandpal, Bheem Singh, R. Ganesan, S. S. Kushvaha, P. Kumar, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 248, 112028 (2022).<\/li><li>Probing phase separation in Nd<sub>1- x<\/sub>Sr<sub>x<\/sub>MnO<sub>3<\/sub> (x\u2248 0.4, 0.5) polycrystals through temperature dependent magnetic and Raman spectroscopy studies, A Bhoriya, DS Raghav, N Bura, D Yadav, J Singh, HK Singh, ND Sharma, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 894, 162424 (2022)<\/li><li>Charge transfer induced symmetry breaking in GaN\/Bi2Se3 topological heterostructure device, F. Ahmad, R. Kumar, S.S. Kushvaha, M. Kumar, P. Kumar, npj 2D Materials and Applications 6, 12 (2022).<\/li><li>Automation of Demonstrational Model of 1 g Kibble Balance Using LabVIEW at CSIR-NPL; B Ehetesham, T John, HK Singh, N Singh, Indian Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Physics (IJPAP) 60 (1), 29-37 (2022)<\/li><li><span>Book entitled \u201cTypes of Photodetectors and their applications\u201d, Editors: S.S. Kushvaha and V.N. Singh, Page: 290 (8 chapters) Nova Science Publisher, US (2022)<\/span><\/li><li>Anomalous conducting heterointerface of non-stoichiometric Ca<sub>x<\/sub>Ta<sub>y<\/sub>O<sub>3+\u03b4<\/sub>\/SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>, <\/sup>Sumit Kumar, D S Rana, Biswarup Satpati, Sunil Ojha, Bhasker Gahtori, J. J. Pulikkotil, Anjana Dogra; J. Alloys and Compounds\u00a0 876, 160064 (2021)<\/li><li>Propensity of spin fluctuations in disordered NiCoCr alloys: A first principles study J J Pulikkotil, J. Alloys and Compounds\u00a0<a href=\"callto:864,%20158817%20(2021\">864, 158817 (2021<\/a>)<\/li><li>Interface induced reemergent insulator-metal transitions in ferromagnetic\/ antiferromagnetic manganite superlattices, S Chauhan, S Kumari, P K Siwach, K K Maurya, V Malik, H K Singh, Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 128, 114573 (2021)<\/li><li>Comparison of Pseudorandom Number Generators and Their Application for Uncertainty Estimation Using Monte Carlo Simulation, Karan Malik, Jiji Pulikkotil, Anjali Sharma, Mapan\u00a036,\u00a0<span>p\u00a0<\/span>481\u2013496 (2021)<\/li><li>Controlled epitaxial growth of GaN nanostructures on sapphire (11-20) using laser molecular beam epitaxy for photodetector applications, V. Aggarwal, C. Ramesh, P. Tyagi, S. Gautam, A. Sharma, S. Husale, M. S. Kumar, S. S. Kushvaha,Mater. Sci. Semicond. Processing\u00a0 125,105631 (2021).<\/li><li>Magnetic-order induced effects in nanocrystallineNiO probed by Raman spectroscopy<\/li><li>N Bala, HK Singh, S Verma, S Rath, Physical Review B 102 (2), 024423 (2020)<\/li><li>Emergence of quasi-two-dimensional electron gas at the interface of LaAlO<sub>3<\/sub>\/Sr<sub>2<\/sub>AlNbO<sub>6<\/sub>(001) heterostructures,\u00a0JJ Pulikkotil J. Applied Physics\u00a0<a href=\"callto:127,%20225303%20(2020\">127, 225303 (2020<\/a>)<\/li><li>A spin\u2013orbit coupling-induced two-dimensional electron gas in BiAlO 3\/SrTiO 3 heterostructures,\u00a0JJ Pulikkotil, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.\u00a0<a href=\"callto:22,%203122-3127%20(2020\">22, 3122-3127 (2020<\/a>)<\/li><li>Flexible perylenediimide\/GaN organic-inorganic hybrid system with exciting optical and interfacial properties,\u00a0 R. Kumar,S. S. Kushvaha, M. Kumar, M. S. Kumar, G. Gupta, K. Kandpal, P. Kumar,Scientific Reports\u00a0 10,10480 (2020).<\/li><li>LaScO<sub>3<\/sub>\/SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub>: A conducting polar heterointerface of two 3d band insulating perovskites, Sumit Kumar, Jyoti Kaswan, Biswarup Satpati, A. K. Shukla, Bhasker Gahtori, J. J. Pulikkotil, Anjana Dogra ; Appl. Phys. Lett. 116, 051603 (2020)<\/li><li>Journey of Kilogram from Physical Constant to Universal Physical Constant (h) via Artefact: A Brief Review; B Ehtesham, T John, S Yadav, HK Singh, G Mandal, N Singh, Mapan 35 (4), 585-593 (2020)<\/li><li>Effect of spin-orbit interaction on the vortex dynamics in LaAlO<sub>3<\/sub>\/SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub> interfaces near the superconducting transition, Gopi Nath Daptary, Hemanta Kumar Kundu, Pramod Kumar, Anjana Dogra, Narayan Mohanta, A. Taraphder, and Aveek Bid; Phys. Rev. B. 100, 125117 (2019)<\/li><li>Coexistence of quasi-two dimensional electron and hole gas in a single tier Ca<sub>5<\/sub>TaO<sub>3<\/sub>\/SrTiO<sub>3<\/sub>oxide heterostructure,\u00a0J J Pulikkotil, APL Materials\u00a0<a href=\"callto:7,%20071108%20(2019\">7, 071108 (2019<\/a>)<\/li><li>Magnetic and Magnetotransport Characteristics of Cr-Substituted Ni<sub>55<\/sub>Mn<sub>34<\/sub>Sn<sub>11<\/sub> Thin Films Grown by Magnetron Sputtering; B Borgohain, PK Siwach, N Singh, K V R Rao, H K Singh; Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 32 (10), 3295-3304 (2019)<\/li><li>Martensitic ferromagnetism and spin glass behaviour in Ni<sub>47<\/sub>Mn<sub>36<\/sub>Cr<sub>4<\/sub>Sn<sub>13<\/sub> ribbons, B Borgohain, P K Siwach, N Singh, V P S Awana, H K Singh; Intermetallics 111, 106492 (2019)<\/li><li>Bilateral comparison of 1 \u03a9 and 10 k\u03a9 standards (ongoing BIPM key comparisons BIPM. EM-K13. a and 13. b) between the NPLI (India) and the BIPM, N Fletcher, R Goebel, M Saleem, HK Singh, MA Ansari, U Kiran, A K Saxena, Metrologia 56 (1A), 01007 (2019)<\/li><li>Nonlinear I-V characteristics of two-dimensional superconductors: Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless physics versus inhomogeneity, G. Venditti, J. Biscaras, S. Hurand, N. Bergeal, J. Lesueur, A. Dogra, R. C. Budhani, Mintu Mondal, John Jesudasan, Pratap Raychaudhuri, S. Caprara, and L. Benfatt; Phys. Rev. B. 100, 064506 (2019)<\/li><li>Effect of multiband transport on charge carrier density fluctuations at the LaAlO <sub>3<\/sub>\/SrTiO <sub>3<\/sub> interface, Gopi Nath Daptary, Pramod Kumar, Anjana Dogra, Aveek Bid;\u00a0 Phys. Rev. B. 98, 035433 (2018)<\/li><li>Competition between electron pairing and phase coherence in superconducting interfaces,\u00a0 G. Singh, A. Jouan, L Benfatto, F. Couedo, P Kumar, A. Dogra, R. Budhani, S. Caprara, M. Grilli, E. Lesne, A \u00a0Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my, M. Bibes, C. Feuillet-Palma, J. Lesueur, and N. Bergeal, Nature Communications 9: 407 (2018).<\/li><\/ul><ul><\/ul><ul><\/ul><ul><\/ul><ul><\/ul><ul><\/ul><ul><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1845\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1845\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Current R &D Projects<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1845\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1845\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1846\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1846\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">CMC<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1846\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1846\"><ul><li>1 kOhm measurement against QHE (U<sub>c<\/sub>(k=2) = 80ppb)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1847\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1847\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Team<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1847\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1847\"><p><strong><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/common\/jiji_pulikkotil@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Jiji T J Pulikkotil<\/a><br \/><\/strong>Chief Scientist<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: jiji.nplindia@csir.res.in<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ph<\/span>: 011 45609364<\/p><p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/anjana@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Dr. Anjana Dogra<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Sr. Principal Scientist, Head<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: anjanad.nplindia@csir.res.in<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ph<\/span>: 011 45721097<\/p><p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/common\/sangeeta_sahoo@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Dr. Sangeeta Sahoo<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Sr. Principal Scientist &amp;\u00a0Deputy Head<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: <span>sahoos.nplindia@csir.res.in<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ph<\/span>: 011 45608689<\/span><\/p><p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/common\/sudhir_husale@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Dr. Sudhir Husale<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Sr. Principal Scientist<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: <span>husalesc.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/span><span><br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ph<\/span>: 011 42342424<\/span><\/p><p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/sunilkushvaha@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Dr. Sunil Singh Kushvaha<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Sr. Principal Scientist<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: <a href=\"mailto:kushvahas@nplindia.res.in\">kushvahas.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/a><br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ph<\/span>: 011 45609329<\/p><p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/ajayshukla@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Dr. Ajay Kumar Shukla<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Sr. Principal Scientist<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email:<\/span> <a href=\"mailto:shuklaak@nplindia.res.in\">shuklaak.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/a><br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ph<\/span>: 011 45609329<\/p><p><strong>Dr. P K Siwach<\/strong><br \/>Sr. Principal Scientist<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">E-mail<\/span>: siwachpk.nplindia@csir.res.in<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ph<\/span>: 011 45608604<\/p><p><strong>Ms. Sandhya Malikar Patel<\/strong><br \/>Principal Scientist<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: <span>patelsm.nplindia@csir.res.in<\/span><\/p><p><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1848\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1848\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Contact Person<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1848\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1848\"><p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/anjana@nplindia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Dr. Anjana Dogra<\/strong><\/a><br \/>Sr. Principal Scientist, Head<br \/><span>Quantum Resistance Metrology &amp; 2D Physics<br \/><\/span>Electrical &amp; Electronic Metrology Division<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Email<\/span>: anjanad.nplindia@csir.res.in<br \/><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Ph<\/span>: 011 45721097<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8dbb3bc elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-eae-slider=\"22663\" data-id=\"8dbb3bc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8f1279c 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